Science and research articles

EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (04/28/2012)
... In action research various types of research method may be used, for example: the diagnosing and evaluating stage questionnaires, interviews and focus groups may be used to gauge opinion on the proposed changes. Ethnography Ethnography has its roots in anthropology and was a popular form of inquiry at the turn of the century when anthropologists travelled the world in search of remote tribes. The emphasis in ethnography is on describing and interpreting cultural behaviour. Ethnographers immerse themselves in the lives and culture of the group being studied, often living with that group for months on end. These researchers participate in a groups’ activities whilst observing its behaviour, taking notes, conducting interviews, analysing, reflecting and writing reports – this may be called fieldwork or participant observation....

An Alternative to Focus Groups: Group Interviewing Using the Delphi Technique OnLine (04/26/2012)
....data obtained from an interview are likely to embody the preconceived ideas of the interviewer as the attitude of the subject interviewed" (Rice, 1931, p.561 cited in Kreuger, 1988, p.18). Focus group interviews may have been improvement for some purposes over the one-on-one interviews they replaced but focus groups did not entirely eliminate interviewer bias: far from it....

The fallacies of focus group research and the Delphi Alternative (04/26/2012)
... The other major problem is an even more serious one: by their nature focus groups can tell us nothing useful about the populations they are supposed to represent. Focus groups are an inefficient way of getting the opinions of ten or so people. Social psychology has shown, in cumulative research over many years, that the performance of individuals in small, untrained groups is much less than optimal. Social psychologists speak of social loafing, a term that describes the cause of production losses in small groups. Social loafing refers to the observation that a group's performance is much less than the sum of the performances members of the group produce independently on their own....

The Atmosphere and Respiration (04/25/2012)
... The product of this burning–carbon dioxide–must be discharged from the body. If the level of oxygen in your bloodstream drops to low, the result is fainting; and if the absence of oxygen persists for more than a few minutes, the result is death. And that's why we breathe. When we inhale, oxygen floods into about 300 million tiny chambers in our lungs. Capillary veins attached to these chambers absorb the oxygen in a twinkling and convey it first to heart and then to every other part of our body....

General Discussion about Photosynthesis and Light (04/25/2012)
... Every other living thing is ultimately nourished in one way or another by glucose. Herbivorous animals eat the plants themselves and carnivorous animals eat plants and/or other animals. Human beings are no exception: our energy is derived from the food we eat and comes from the same source. Every apple, potato, chocolate, or steak or anything else you eat is supplying you with energy that came from the sun. But photosynthesis is important for another reason....

The five `WS` of a Research Project (04/25/2012)
... Or perhaps you want to try to obtain funding for a particular service or enterprise and you need to do some research first to find out if there is demand for what you are proposing. Whatever your reason, think very carefully about why you are doing the research as this will affect your topic, the way you conduct the research and the way in which you report the results. If you’re doing it for a university dissertation or project, does your proposed research provide the opportunity to reach the required intellectual standard? Will your research generate enough material to write a dissertation of the required length? Or will your research generate too much data that would be impossible to summarise into a report of the required length? If you’re conducting research for funding purposes, have you found out whether your proposed funding body requires the information to be presented in a specific format? If so, you need to plan your research in a way which will meet that format. Who? Who will be your participants? At this stage of the research process, you needn’t worry too much about exactly how many participants will take part in your research. However, you should think about the type of people with whom you will need to get in touch with and whether it will be possible for you to contact them....

How to Choose Your Participants to a Research Project (04/25/2012)
... Instead, they might seek to describe or explain what is happening within a smaller group of people. This, they believe, might provide insights into the behaviour of the wider research population, but they accept that everyone is different and that if the research were to be conducted with another group of people the results might not be the same. Sampling procedures are used everyday. Market researchers use them to find out what the general population think about a new product or new advertisement. When they report that 87% of the population like the smell of a new brand of washing powder, they haven’t spoken to the whole population, but instead have contacted only a sample of people which they believe are able to represent the whole population....

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH (04/25/2012)
... 5. The role and possible influence of significant others on choice, such as advice and guidance workers, peers, relatives and employers. 6. The nature and extent of possible influences on choice of available provision, institutional advertising and marketing. 7....

How The English Language Has Evolved Over Time (04/22/2012)
... C.680 saw the composition of Beowulf, which is the first narrative in the literary canon and in c.790 the Vikings invaded from Scandinavia, bringing Old Norse with them and changing the language still further. The Battle of Hastings occurred in 1066 and resulted in William the conqueror coming to power. During his reign, all those in power spoke French and this language, therefore, strongly influences today's English....

What Makes a Good Research Proposal and Why Could it Fail (04/12/2012)
... There is a mismatch between the approach being adopted and the issues to be addressed. The overall plan is too ambitious and difficult to achieve in the timescale. The researcher does not seem to have conducted enough in-depth background research. Problem is of insufficient importance. Information about the data collection is insufficiently detailed....

Titanium (03/16/2012)
... Titanium is mainly used in jewelry as an accent metal in Men's wedding bands and watches. A ring made from titanium is very light and comfortable, as well as hypoallergenic. Its inertness and ability to be attractively colored also make titanium a popular metal for use in body piercing. Titanium is a lightweight metal that has a very high strength to weight ratio, and high tensile strength. Two of its most notable features are that it has excellent corrosion resistance, and is non-toxic....

Waste Consulting for Hospitals (02/29/2012)
... The rules regarding the proper treatment of bio hazardous waste vary from county to federal and from year to year. Keeping up with the newest regulations can be difficult for a busy hospital staff. Waste consultants have the resources and time to keep up with these regulations and can help hospitals change their bio hazardous program to keep up with the changing regulations and avoid environmental health issues and costly fines. Hospitals have many inspections to ensure the safety of the patients, staff and public. Unscrupulous bio-hazardous waste disposal companies can sometimes charge extravagant amounts of money for something that actually costs much less-thereby driving up the hospital's operating costs, and costing the healthcare industry much more than is necessary....

Biometric Face Recognition Technology helps in Security Advancement (02/12/2012)
... A bulk of papers needed to be managed manually. If a single paper used to get misplaced, then it used to cause the loss of the record of the respective individual. It used to consume immense amount of time. Security was also not fully guaranteed because of the manual process. The Best Stated Solution: A new invention in the field of biometrics gave rise to the face recognition system....

Equivalence in Translation Between myth and reality (01/15/2012)
... They are inter lingual (between SL &TL), intra lingual (within one language), and inter semiotic (between sign systems). Nida's theory was defined by the writer. Nida defined two types of equivalence. They are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Writer says the formal equivalence focuses on the message itself....

Equivalence in Translation (01/15/2012)
... To put it in a nutshell, in order to translate correctly and accurately, the translator needs to know the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, idiomatic and cultural systems of both source language and target language. After knowing this, the translator decodes the SL elements and encodes them in to TL elements. All in all, the main purpose of this article is to define and explain the concept of equivalence. In order to end the purpose, the writer went in to details by providing the readers with a number of examples cristalize the areas defined in the article. The writer, finally, reached the fact that if somebody or a translator wants to translate satisfactorily; s/he needs to be familiar with the linguistic system and cultural system of the source and target languages....

Problems of dynamic equivalence in translation (01/15/2012)
... Eco continues that the equivalence in meaning which is provided by meaning is not accepted since there is no complete synonym in language. Eco exemplified daddy and father as not being the same. In fact, Eco believed that those who are involved in the art and craft of translation are definitely in a better position to formulate theoretical aspects of the subject. Eco said the translator should not render based on dictionary. Therefore, Eco meant that translating is not only connected with linguistic competence but also with intertexual, psychological, and narrative competence....

Toward a theory of bias and equivalence (01/15/2012)
... Construct bias is the dissimilarity of construct across cultures. Method bias is a general word that refers to all sources of bias resulting from methodological- procedural aspects of a study. Sample bias is subsuming all differences in scores that are related to specific aspects of a sample. Parallel to three types of bias, there are three types of equivalence. They are construct equivalence, method equivalence, and measurement unit equivalence....

The concept of equivalence in translation studies (01/15/2012)
... The writer continues by explaining different scholars ' points of view toward equivalence like Nida's formal and dynamic equivalence. The writer, then, considered the displacement of equivalence concept by introducing the historical- descriptive approach toward equivalence and translation. This approach emphasizes on the significance of the situation, and more specifically, the culture in which translations are to be situated. The scholars of this approach focus on the target culture. Generally, there are two approaches which are explained one is the linguistic approach and the other one is the descriptive- historical approach or functional approach....

Terminological equivalence: probability and consistency in technical translation (01/15/2012)
... In this study, a kind of text written in German language is translated both in to English and French. Then, the results are discussed. It is proved that the French translator introduced more variation and the English translator introduced less variation. To sum up, after conducting a piece of research it is said that there is a clash or balance between the consistency within the technical text and the lexical cohesion. ....

Arriving at equivalence. Making a case for comparable corpora in translation studies (01/15/2012)
... It also explains what factors are responsible for activating the connotative meanings of the color words. The writer mainly focused on the fact that corpus data can be usefully exploited in order to identify series of translation equivalents for words, expressions, idioms, ... etc....